The 10 Best Manual Weeders For Gravel Paths of 2026

What It Is and Who It's For

Grampa's Weeder is a classic stand-up weed puller tool designed for gardeners who want to skip the knee pads and backaches. With its long bamboo handle and 4-claw steel head, it targets weeds in lawns, flower beds, and vegetable patches. It's perfect for U.S. homeowners tackling dandelions or crabgrass without harsh sprays, especially those with larger yards or physical limitations.

Key Features and Garden Performance

The 46-inch handle lets you weed comfortably from a standing position, using a foot pedal to drive claws into the soil then a simple lean to extract roots. Users rave about its effectiveness on watered lawns, pulling deep-rooted weeds in seconds. It's a game-changer for maintaining tidy backyards, though it shines brightest after rain when soil is soft.

Build Quality and Durability

Crafted by a Pacific Northwest family business, this tool blends sustainable bamboo with tough alloy steel claws that resist rust. At just 2.3 pounds, it's nimble yet sturdy enough for daily use. Gardeners report it holding up year after year, proving old-school designs still deliver in modern outdoor living.

Limitations and Final Verdict

It may not tackle gravel or bone-dry clay without extra effort, and the holes it leaves aerate lawns but might bother perfectionists. Overall, Grampa's Weeder earns top marks as a must-have for chemical-free weeding. Grab one if you value your back and want thriving gardens with less hassle.

Step-by-Step Instructions

1. Center the tool: Position the 4 claws directly over the weed's center.
2. Press down: Step on the footpad to drive claws into moist soil, then remove your foot.
3. Lean to extract: Gently lean the handle toward the footpad; the claws will grip and pull the weed with its root.
4. Repeat: Empty the weed and move to the next for efficient lawn or bed cleanup.

Pro Tips

• Water soil first for best results on tough weeds like thistles.
• Avoid twisting or lifting; leaning is key to proper function.
• Practice on a few dandelions to master the motion quickly.

Watch for product videos if needed, but most gardeners get it right after a couple tries.

Maximize Results with Grampa's Weeder

• Weed after rain or watering when soil is soft for complete root removal.
• Combine with mulching around plants to prevent new weeds in garden beds.
• Aeration holes left behind improve lawn health; fill with topsoil if desired.
• Stay chemical-free to protect pollinators and pets in your backyard oasis.

Preventing Weed Regrowth

Regular use keeps lawns lush. Pair with dense plantings or ground covers for long-term control. For veggie gardens, pull early and often to maintain thriving spaces.

Keep It Sharp and Ready

• Clean after use: Shake out dirt and rinse claws to prevent buildup.
• Store dry: Hang in a shed or garage to protect bamboo handle from moisture.
• Inspect regularly: Check for loose parts; steel claws rarely need sharpening.

This durable design requires minimal upkeep, ensuring seasons of reliable weeding. Avoid rocky areas to preserve claw tips.

This NICOFPHY Weed Puller Tool is a game-changer for anyone tired of kneeling to battle weeds in their lawn, garden, or patio. With its 60-inch adjustable handle and 2-in-1 cast steel head, it suits beginner and experienced gardeners alike, especially those with larger yards or back sensitivity who want efficient, root-deep weeding without the hassle.

Key Features and Real-World Performance

The standout feature is the dual-head design: one side has 6 sharp 3-inch tines that drive into soil to yank out tough weeds like thistles, dandelions, and crabgrass by the roots, stopping regrowth. Flip it for the broad, sharp hoe edge that slices through surface weeds, loosens soil for planting, or levels small patches. Users rave about clearing overgrown yards in minutes while standing upright, making it ideal for everyday lawn and garden maintenance.

Build Quality and Durability

• Cast steel head is welded smoothly for strength, rust resistance, and easy rinsing after use.
• Stainless steel poles connect via screw locks for a wobble-free 60-inch reach, adjustable down to 16 inches.
• Lightweight at under 2 pounds yet tough enough for farm or backyard abuse.

It holds up well outdoors, though heavy daily use might wear plastic handle caps.

Limitations and Final Verdict

Not perfect for super-slippery weeds or massive infestations, as some roots may linger or tines skip slender stems. Still, for most home gardeners, this long handle weed puller delivers big on ease and effectiveness. Grab one if you want a reliable manual weeder that boosts your outdoor time without the pain; highly recommended for thriving lawns and gardens.

Master Common Garden Weeds

Use this tool to target problem invaders in your yard:

• Dandelions and thistles: Position tines over the center, rock and pull straight up for full root removal.
• Crabgrass: Prongs grab clumps easily; twist gently to loosen before lifting.
• Surface weeds like chickweed: Rake with tines or chop with hoe edge for quick clearing.

Pro Tips for Best Results

Weed after rain when soil is soft. Start with full 60-inch height for lawns, shorten for garden beds. Combine with mulch to keep areas weed-free longer.

Keep It Sharp and Ready

• Rinse head and poles after each use to prevent rust; air dry fully.
• Sharpen tines and hoe edge with a file if they dull over time.
• Tighten screw locks periodically; secure loose handle caps with adhesive if needed.
• Store upright in a shed or garage, away from moisture.

With basic care, this manual weeder lasts years through New York seasons. Avoid dropping on hard surfaces to preserve welds.

Ideal Gardener Types

• Homeowners with medium lawns or patios fighting persistent weeds.
• Gardeners with knee/back pain seeking stand-up tools.
• Vegetable or flower bed owners needing precise root removal without chemicals.

Skip if you have vast fields needing powered equipment; perfect for targeted backyard weeding.

The Fiskars Ergo Weeder is a compact, heavy-duty hand tool crafted for gardeners who want to tackle invasive weeds without bending over or straining their wrists. With its angled aluminum head and contoured SoftGrip handle, it's perfect for U.S. homeowners with backyards, flower beds, or vegetable patches where dandelions, thistles, and other deep-rooted pests pop up regularly. Whether you're a beginner keeping a tidy lawn or an experienced gardener maintaining pristine borders, this weeder makes quick work of tough jobs.

Key Features and Real-World Performance

In practice, the polished aluminum head slices through turf and grips roots firmly, giving you the leverage to pull out entire weeds in one go. This means fewer callbacks from regrowth, saving time on your weekend yard work. The ergonomic handle fits naturally in your hand, reducing fatigue so you can weed longer without aches, especially useful in raised beds or along pathways.

Build Quality and Outdoor Durability

Fiskars builds this weeder to last, with rust-resistant materials that hold up against rain, soil, and heavy use. At 12.5 inches long and super lightweight, it feels like a natural extension of your arm, outperforming flimsy plastic tools that bend or break.

Limitations

• Not ideal for massive weed patches; pair it with a hoe for bigger areas.
• May need extra force in super-compacted clay soil.

Final Verdict: A must-have for any gardener's toolkit. Grab the Fiskars Ergo Weeder if you want effortless, effective weeding that keeps your outdoor space thriving.

Master weeding with the Fiskars Ergo Weeder to keep your lawn and beds weed-free. Focus on early intervention for best results.

Step-by-Step Tips

1. Timing: Weed after rain when soil is soft for easier root extraction.
2. Angle It Right: Insert the head at a 45-degree angle beside the weed base, then rock and pull for full removal.
3. Target Deep Roots: Ideal for taproots like dandelions; twist gently to loosen before lifting.
4. Prevent Spread: Bag weeds immediately to stop seed dispersal in your backyard.

Regular use encourages stronger plants and lush growth in your garden.

Keep your Fiskars Ergo Weeder performing like new with simple maintenance routines suited to outdoor gardening.

• Cleaning: Rinse off soil and debris after each use; dry thoroughly to prevent rust.
• Sharpening: Use a file on the head edges if it dulls from rocky soil.
• Storage: Hang via the built-in hole in a dry shed; avoid ground contact.
• Seasonal Check: Inspect handle grips yearly for wear and replace if needed.

These steps ensure longevity, making it a reliable part of your lawn care essentials.

Fiskars Ergo Weeder vs. Competitors

• Vs. Basic Steel Weeders: Superior ergonomics reduce strain; aluminum head outlasts cheap steel in rust-prone areas.
• Vs. Long-Handle Stand-Up Tools: More precise for small gardens but less back-friendly for large lawns.
• Vs. Plastic-Handled Options: Heavier duty build prevents breakage; SoftGrip beats slippery grips.

Stands out for backyard gardeners prioritizing comfort and durability over bulk.

The Walensee Weed Puller is a stand-up weeding tool designed for gardeners who want to tackle dandelions, crabgrass, and thistles without the hassle of bending over. With its 39-inch handle and foot pedal, it's ideal for backyard enthusiasts, older gardeners, or anyone maintaining lawns and flower beds who prioritizes comfort and efficiency.

Key features shine in real-world use: the three 2.75-inch pointed steel claws penetrate soil easily when it's moist, grabbing roots firmly for complete removal. Simply position over the weed, step on the pedal, tilt, and pull, then release via the lever. This method beats hand-pulling by preventing regrowth and saving time in vegetable gardens or along walkways.

Build quality stands out with durable stainless steel that resists rust and wear from outdoor exposure. At just 1 pound, it's easy to maneuver, though it's optimized for softer soils rather than rocky areas.

Limitations include needing moist ground and a short learning curve for the tilt-and-pull technique. It's not suited for massive weed patches but excels for spot weeding.

Overall, this is a solid choice for practical garden care. Grab one if you want a reliable, back-friendly tool to keep your lawn pristine with less effort.

Start by watering your garden lightly to moisten the soil for better claw penetration. Position the claws over the weed's center, step firmly on the foot pedal to drive them in, tilt the handle back, and lift straight up to extract the root.

• Target weeds like dandelions or plantain early in the morning when soil is soft.
• Avoid gravelly or dry hardpan soil to prevent claw bending.
• Release weeds by squeezing the lever over a compost pile.
• For lawns, weed after mowing for easier access to roots.

Combine with mulching to reduce future weeds and keep your backyard thriving.

Keep your Walensee Weed Puller in top shape for years of service. After each use, shake off dirt and rinse claws with a hose to prevent buildup.

• Wipe the handle and pedal dry to avoid rust, even on stainless steel.
• Store upright in a shed or garage during winter to protect from elements.
• Sharpen claws occasionally with a file if they dull on tough roots.
• Inspect for loose parts and tighten as needed for safety.

Proper care ensures effortless weeding next season.

This puller excels at deep-rooted invaders common in U.S. yards.

• Dandelions and thistles: Claws grip taproots fully.
• Crabgrass and clover: Handles shallow to medium roots.
• Plantain and burdock: Effective in flower beds or lawns.
• Avoid fibrous grasses or vines that may not release cleanly.

Use it weekly for proactive lawn and garden health.

The Fiskars 4-Claw Stand-Up Weed Puller is a game-changer for gardeners tired of stooping to yank weeds from lawns and beds. At 39 inches tall, this manual weeder lets you stay upright while targeting dandelions, thistles, and other invasives right by the root. It's perfect for U.S. homeowners with small to medium yards who want chemical-free control without the physical toll.

Key Features and Real-World Performance

In the garden, the four serrated stainless steel claws grip weeds tightly when you step on the reinforced foot platform. The offset handle and viewing window make placement easy, even in thick grass, pulling roots clean for no regrowth. Users love how the easy-eject button flings weeds away, keeping your workflow smooth during spring cleanups or summer touch-ups.

Build Quality and Durability

Built with a lightweight aluminum shaft and tough steel claws, this tool handles heavy use in varied soils. The foot platform is 30% stronger for confident steps, and Fiskars' lifetime warranty backs its reliability through years of backyard battles.

Limitations and Practical Tips

It's not ideal for super compacted clay or massive weed patches, where power tools might edge it out. For best results, use in moist soil and avoid over-dry ground. Pair it with mulching for long-term weed prevention.

Final Verdict

If back pain from weeding plagues your routine, this Fiskars puller earns top marks. Grab one to make lawn and garden maintenance easier and more enjoyable.

Master this stand-up weeder with these simple steps for effective, root-deep removal in your yard:

1. Position the claws over the weed using the viewing window for precision.
2. Step firmly on the foot platform to drive claws into the soil around the root.
3. Rock the handle back gently to loosen, then lift straight up.
4. Activate the easy-eject mechanism to toss the weed aside.
5. Repeat for clusters, working in moist soil for easiest pulls.

Pro Tip: Best for taproot weeds like dandelions; avoid broadleaf grasses that slip easily.

Cleaning After Use

• Rinse claws and shaft with a hose to remove soil and debris.
• Brush off stubborn dirt; avoid harsh chemicals to protect steel.

Storage Tips

• Hang by the handle in a dry shed or garage to prevent rust.
• Store claws covered if near moisture.

Longevity Advice

Inspect claws periodically for wear; Fiskars tools sharpen easily with a file. Oil joints lightly for smooth ejection. With basic care, it'll last seasons of reliable weeding.

This Fiskars model shines for stand-up comfort over short-handled diggers that strain your back.

• Vs. Twist-style pullers: Deeper root grip without twisting motion.
• Vs. Handheld weeders: No kneeling, ideal for larger lawns.
• Vs. Chemical sprays: Eco-friendly, permanent removal without residues.

Choose it if ergonomics matter most; opt for fishtail designs for smaller, precise jobs.

The WORKPRO Crack Weeder is a handy 12-inch manual tool shaped like an L for digging out weeds from tight spots like sidewalk cracks, patio pavers, driveways, and garden edges. It suits beginner and experienced gardeners alike, especially those with urban lots or small backyards where weeds pop up in hard-to-reach places.

In real-world use, the stainless steel blade with its sharp edge and serrated section slices through compacted soil and lifts stubborn grass or moss effortlessly. You can angle it multiple ways to get under roots without scratching surfaces, making it a go-to for keeping your terrace or lawn borders neat without chemicals.

Build quality shines with high-hardness polished steel that won't rust or bend, even after repeated outdoor exposure. The PP+TPR soft handle offers a secure, fatigue-free grip for smooth wrist action during extended sessions.

Limitations include its compact size, which works best for precision tasks rather than broad areas, and it may need firmer pressure in bone-dry soil. Overall, this reliable weeder earns top marks for everyday crack cleaning; grab one if you want a low-effort way to maintain pristine patios and paths.

Start by watering cracks lightly to soften soil, then insert the L-shaped blade at a 45-degree angle under the weed base.

• Rock the tool side-to-side to loosen roots before pulling straight up.
• For mossy patios, use the serrated edge to scrape buildup after weed removal.
• Work in sections along sidewalks to avoid fatigue, focusing on sunny spots where weeds thrive.
• Combine with mulch in garden borders to prevent regrowth.

These steps keep your lawn and yard looking sharp with minimal effort.

After each use, rinse the blade with water and dry thoroughly to maintain its polish and prevent corrosion.

• Sharpen the edge occasionally with a fine file for peak cutting performance.
• Store hanging via the built-in hole in a dry shed away from moisture.
• Avoid prying on very hard surfaces to preserve the blade shape.

With basic care, this garden weeder stays ready for seasons of reliable service in your backyard.

Perfect for urban patios, driveway edges, and gravel paths where power tools can't reach.

• Ideal between pavers or bricks in terrace designs.
• Great for moss control on shaded walkways.
• Use along fence lines or raised bed edges for clean borders.
• Not for deep soil tilling; pair with a full-size hoe for larger plots.

As a fellow gardener who's battled endless dandelions in my backyard lawn and raised veggie beds, I appreciate a tool that gets the whole root without breaking a sweat. The BEWINTOOLS Hand Weeder Puller Tool is a handheld stainless steel wonder designed for homeowners tackling weeds in gardens, lawns, and tight spots. It's perfect for beginners and pros who want chemical-free control over surface clutter and deep-root invaders.

The standout feature is its 2-in-1 design: flip to the four-tooth end for scooping up grass and shallow weeds quickly, then switch to the two-tooth 'bionic bite' for clamping stubborn taproots. In real-world tests shared by users, it shines in moist soil, pulling dandelions clean from lawns and aerating flower beds without disturbing nearby plants. The ergonomic handle provides solid leverage, minimizing wrist strain during longer sessions.

Build quality impresses with heavy-duty, rust-proof stainless steel tines that hold up through seasons of yard work. At 10.2 ounces and 14 inches long, it's lightweight yet sturdy, with protective covers for safe storage. It rinses clean easily after use, ready for your next garden patrol.

Limitations include the handle length, which means some bending for low weeds, and it's not suited for vast areas where powered tools rule. Still, for everyday maintenance in smaller spaces, this weeder delivers reliable results.

Final verdict: Grab this if you hate regrowth from half-pulled weeds. Pair it with moist soil for best pulls, and watch your lawn and garden stay pristine with less effort. A must-have for any gardener's toolkit.

Maximize this hand weeders potential with these gardener-tested tips for lawns and gardens.

• Water soil lightly beforehand to soften ground and ease tine penetration.
• Position four-tooth end parallel to surface weeds, rock gently, and lift bunches at once.
• For deep roots, angle two-tooth end beside the weed base, twist slightly, then lever back steadily.
• Use in raised beds or around perennials to avoid damaging good plants.
• Work in early morning or evening when soil is cooler for less strain.

Consistent use prevents weed seeds from spreading, keeping your yard thriving.

Keep your BEWINTOOLS weeder performing like new through multiple seasons.

• Rinse tines with hose after each use to remove soil and sap; air dry to prevent rust.
• Sharpen dull tines occasionally with a file for smoother soil entry.
• Store protective covers on tines in a dry shed or garage, away from moisture.
• Inspect handle grip for wear; replace if slipping develops.
• Avoid prying rocks or hardpan to preserve tine strength.

Simple care ensures longevity for years of weed-free gardening.

This tool stands out among manual weeders for backyard use.

• Versus single-claw pullers: Dual heads tackle more weed types without swapping tools.
• Stand-up weeders offer less bending but lack precision for beds; this excels in tight spots.
• Compared to basic forks: Bionic two-tooth grips better, reducing regrowth.
• Plastic-handled options bend easier; stainless steel here wins for durability.

Ideal upgrade if you need versatility without bulk.

The VISCOGRIP Crack Weeder Tool Set is a practical duo of a crevice weeder and moss brush, perfect for U.S. homeowners tackling weeds in driveways, patios, pavers, and garden paths. It suits beginner gardeners and busy outdoor enthusiasts who want chemical-free maintenance for hardscape areas without heavy power tools.

In real-world use, the L-shaped blade slips into cracks to uproot weeds at the base, while the brush sweeps away moss and debris. The adjustable handle extends for better reach, making it a go-to for keeping backyard walkways pristine and preventing weed spread to lawns.

Built from high-quality stainless steel, this weeder set resists rust and holds up to tough outdoor conditions, from rainy springs to hot summers. The comfortable grip minimizes hand fatigue, promoting safer, more effective sessions.

Limitations include its focus on hard surfaces only; it is not designed for soil work or thick roots, and larger properties may require multiple passes. Still, for targeted crack cleaning, it excels.

Overall, this tool set earns a strong recommendation for anyone maintaining neat patios and driveways. Pair it with regular sweeping for thriving outdoor spaces that look professionally manicured.

Follow these simple steps to maximize weed removal efficiency:

• For weeds in cracks: Insert the L-shaped blade at the weed base and pull along the joint to extract roots fully.
• For moss and surface debris: Angle the brush and sweep firmly across the area.
• Adjust the handle length for comfort and reach into narrow or deep crevices.
• Work in dry conditions for easier pulling and less mess.

Regular use prevents weed regrowth and keeps paths looking fresh.

Keep your VISCOGRIP weeder set performing like new with these tips:

• Clean blades and brush after each use by rinsing with water and wiping dry to prevent buildup.
• Store in a dry place, ideally hanging to avoid bending the handle.
• Inspect stainless steel for wear; sharpen the blade lightly if needed with a fine file.
• Avoid using on loose soil to preserve edge sharpness.

Proper care ensures seasons of reliable service in your garden toolkit.

This tool shines on these hardscapes:

• Concrete driveways and walkways.
• Brick or stone patios and pavers.
• Garden path cracks and borders.

Pro tips: Combine with mulch in garden beds to reduce crack weeds naturally. Use after rain for softer soil around edges, but focus on dry surfaces for best control.

The Betus Manual Hand Weeder is a simple yet powerful tool for gardeners tired of weeds popping back up in their lawns and beds. With its unique leverage base and sharp V-fork, it suits homeowners, beginners, and pros maintaining small to medium yards, especially those battling dandelions, thistles, and crabgrass without chemicals.

In real-world use, the leverage design creates the perfect angle to drive the fork deep into soil and pop out entire weeds, roots included. Gardeners praise how it outsmarts tough invaders in moist conditions, turning a frustrating chore into a satisfying task. It shines in lawns, around perennials, and in veggie patches where precision matters.

Build quality stands out with bend-proof chrome-plated steel and a sturdy wood handle that feels substantial. Most users find it durable for seasons of abuse, rust-proof even after rain, though it performs best after soil softening like aeration.

Limitations include its focus on larger weeds, so pair it with other tools for tiny sprouts, and expect some bending required due to the compact 13-inch length. In hard, dry ground, it might need multiple angles.

Overall, this weeder earns its spot in every gardener's toolkit for chemical-free lawn care. Grab one if you want a reliable, fun way to reclaim your yard from weeds.

Maximize your Betus Hand Weeder with these practical tips for healthier lawns and gardens.

• Work in moist soil after rain or watering for easier penetration and root release.
• Position the V-fork around the weed base, rock the leverage bar down firmly, then lift straight up.
• For deep-rooted dandelions, angle slightly and twist gently to loosen before pulling.
• Aerate compacted soil first to make sessions faster and more effective.
• Weed early morning or evening to avoid stressing grass in heat.

Consistent use prevents weed spread and promotes thicker turf growth.

Keep your Betus weeder performing like new with simple upkeep tailored for outdoor gardeners.

• Wipe clean after each use with a damp cloth to remove soil and sap.
• Store in a dry shed or garage to prevent rust, even with chrome plating.
• Occasionally sharpen the V-fork edges with a file for smoother soil entry.
• Check for bends after heavy use; the leverage design is tough but inspect regularly.
• Avoid dropping on hard surfaces to maintain handle integrity.

Proper care ensures years of reliable weed pulling without replacements.

This Betus model excels in leverage and root depth compared to basic forks or fishtail designs.

• Vs. stand-up weeders: More precise for small lawns, less bulky storage.
• Vs. twist-style pullers: Better grip on thistles, fewer slips in grass.
• Vs. cheap plastic-handled tools: Superior steel durability, no bending issues for most users.
• Ideal upgrade if basic trowels leave roots behind.

Choose it for targeted, hands-on weeding over broad tools like hoes.

The WORKPRO Crack Weeder is a specialized 12-inch manual tool perfect for U.S. homeowners tackling weeds in hard-to-reach spots like sidewalk cracks, patio pavers, and driveway edges. It's especially suited for beginner gardeners and busy outdoor enthusiasts who want quick, chemical-free maintenance without bulky equipment.

Key features shine in real-world use: the L-shaped stainless steel blade cuts through turf and roots from various angles, while the reinforcement hook clears moss and debris from gaps. Gardeners praise its precision for brick patios and terrace joints, making weeding faster than using screwdrivers or fingers. The beech wood handle offers a natural, fatigue-reducing grip for repeated pulls.

Build quality stands out with polished stainless steel that's rust-resistant and sturdy enough for tough soil without bending. At just 5.6 ounces, it's lightweight yet robust for outdoor conditions, and the smooth surface wipes clean effortlessly. The included lanyard aids storage by hanging neatly in your shed.

Limitations include its sharpness, so store safely away from kids, and it may struggle in ultra-narrow borders flush against plants. For large-scale weeding, pair it with broader tools.

Overall, this crack weeder earns high marks for everyday hardscape upkeep. Grab one if you dread knee pads and sore knuckles; it's a game-changer for pristine patios and lawns.

Use the WORKPRO Crack Weeder effectively on dry days for best root grip:

• Insert the L-shaped blade into cracks at a 45-degree angle and twist to sever roots.
• Leverage the hook to scrape out remaining moss or soil.
• Work in sections, starting from one end of the sidewalk or patio.
• Follow up by sweeping debris to keep surfaces clear.

Regular use prevents weed buildup and maintains curb appeal in your backyard or front yard.

Keep your crack weeder in top shape for seasons of use:

• Wipe the blade with a damp cloth after each session; no soap needed due to smooth stainless steel.
• Dry thoroughly to protect the wood handle from moisture.
• Hang via the lanyard in a dry shed or garage to prevent dulling.
• Store blade covered if possible to avoid accidents.

Avoid dishwashers or prolonged wet storage to preserve the ergonomic handle.

Compared to basic trowels or screwdrivers, the WORKPRO excels in crack-specific design:

• Vs. standard weeder: L-shape and hook target tight gaps better.
• Vs. plastic tools: Stainless steel offers superior durability and rust resistance.
• Vs. stand-up weeders: More precise for patios, less suited for open lawns.

Best value for targeted crevice work over multi-tools lacking the sharp edge.