The 10 Best Manual Weeders For Crabgrass of 2026

What It Is and Who It's For

Grampa's Weeder is a classic stand-up weed puller tool designed for gardeners who want to skip the knee pads and backaches. With its long bamboo handle and 4-claw steel head, it targets weeds in lawns, flower beds, and vegetable patches. It's perfect for U.S. homeowners tackling dandelions or crabgrass without harsh sprays, especially those with larger yards or physical limitations.

Key Features and Garden Performance

The 46-inch handle lets you weed comfortably from a standing position, using a foot pedal to drive claws into the soil then a simple lean to extract roots. Users rave about its effectiveness on watered lawns, pulling deep-rooted weeds in seconds. It's a game-changer for maintaining tidy backyards, though it shines brightest after rain when soil is soft.

Build Quality and Durability

Crafted by a Pacific Northwest family business, this tool blends sustainable bamboo with tough alloy steel claws that resist rust. At just 2.3 pounds, it's nimble yet sturdy enough for daily use. Gardeners report it holding up year after year, proving old-school designs still deliver in modern outdoor living.

Limitations and Final Verdict

It may not tackle gravel or bone-dry clay without extra effort, and the holes it leaves aerate lawns but might bother perfectionists. Overall, Grampa's Weeder earns top marks as a must-have for chemical-free weeding. Grab one if you value your back and want thriving gardens with less hassle.

Step-by-Step Instructions

1. Center the tool: Position the 4 claws directly over the weed's center.
2. Press down: Step on the footpad to drive claws into moist soil, then remove your foot.
3. Lean to extract: Gently lean the handle toward the footpad; the claws will grip and pull the weed with its root.
4. Repeat: Empty the weed and move to the next for efficient lawn or bed cleanup.

Pro Tips

• Water soil first for best results on tough weeds like thistles.
• Avoid twisting or lifting; leaning is key to proper function.
• Practice on a few dandelions to master the motion quickly.

Watch for product videos if needed, but most gardeners get it right after a couple tries.

Maximize Results with Grampa's Weeder

• Weed after rain or watering when soil is soft for complete root removal.
• Combine with mulching around plants to prevent new weeds in garden beds.
• Aeration holes left behind improve lawn health; fill with topsoil if desired.
• Stay chemical-free to protect pollinators and pets in your backyard oasis.

Preventing Weed Regrowth

Regular use keeps lawns lush. Pair with dense plantings or ground covers for long-term control. For veggie gardens, pull early and often to maintain thriving spaces.

Keep It Sharp and Ready

• Clean after use: Shake out dirt and rinse claws to prevent buildup.
• Store dry: Hang in a shed or garage to protect bamboo handle from moisture.
• Inspect regularly: Check for loose parts; steel claws rarely need sharpening.

This durable design requires minimal upkeep, ensuring seasons of reliable weeding. Avoid rocky areas to preserve claw tips.

The Walensee Weed Puller is a stand-up weeding tool designed for gardeners who want to tackle dandelions, crabgrass, and thistles without the hassle of bending over. With its 39-inch handle and foot pedal, it's ideal for backyard enthusiasts, older gardeners, or anyone maintaining lawns and flower beds who prioritizes comfort and efficiency.

Key features shine in real-world use: the three 2.75-inch pointed steel claws penetrate soil easily when it's moist, grabbing roots firmly for complete removal. Simply position over the weed, step on the pedal, tilt, and pull, then release via the lever. This method beats hand-pulling by preventing regrowth and saving time in vegetable gardens or along walkways.

Build quality stands out with durable stainless steel that resists rust and wear from outdoor exposure. At just 1 pound, it's easy to maneuver, though it's optimized for softer soils rather than rocky areas.

Limitations include needing moist ground and a short learning curve for the tilt-and-pull technique. It's not suited for massive weed patches but excels for spot weeding.

Overall, this is a solid choice for practical garden care. Grab one if you want a reliable, back-friendly tool to keep your lawn pristine with less effort.

Start by watering your garden lightly to moisten the soil for better claw penetration. Position the claws over the weed's center, step firmly on the foot pedal to drive them in, tilt the handle back, and lift straight up to extract the root.

• Target weeds like dandelions or plantain early in the morning when soil is soft.
• Avoid gravelly or dry hardpan soil to prevent claw bending.
• Release weeds by squeezing the lever over a compost pile.
• For lawns, weed after mowing for easier access to roots.

Combine with mulching to reduce future weeds and keep your backyard thriving.

Keep your Walensee Weed Puller in top shape for years of service. After each use, shake off dirt and rinse claws with a hose to prevent buildup.

• Wipe the handle and pedal dry to avoid rust, even on stainless steel.
• Store upright in a shed or garage during winter to protect from elements.
• Sharpen claws occasionally with a file if they dull on tough roots.
• Inspect for loose parts and tighten as needed for safety.

Proper care ensures effortless weeding next season.

This puller excels at deep-rooted invaders common in U.S. yards.

• Dandelions and thistles: Claws grip taproots fully.
• Crabgrass and clover: Handles shallow to medium roots.
• Plantain and burdock: Effective in flower beds or lawns.
• Avoid fibrous grasses or vines that may not release cleanly.

Use it weekly for proactive lawn and garden health.

This ETICSIPA 60-inch stand-up weed puller is a manual tool with a reinforced 4-claw metal head designed for grabbing and extracting weeds like dandelions, crabgrass, and thistles right from the root. It suits homeowners and gardeners tired of kneeling in the dirt, especially those maintaining lawns, flower beds, or vegetable patches where spot-weeding is key.

In real-world use, position the claws around the weed base, step on the foot bar, and tilt back for a clean pull. Reviewers love how it tackles common lawn pests efficiently in looser soil, preventing regrowth better than hand-pulling. The ergonomic long handle shines for extended yard work without fatigue.

Build quality stands out with a solid 1-inch steel tube, waterproof coating against rust, and lightweight 2.77-pound design. It assembles quickly and stores compactly, holding up through seasons of outdoor exposure.

Limitations include challenges in compacted clay soil, where it may require pre-wetting or extra maneuvering, and occasional debris buildup in the claws. Still, for everyday garden and lawn weeding, it's a practical choice.

Overall, grab this if back pain from weeding is your enemy. It transforms tedious chores into quick wins, keeping your outdoor spaces pristine with less effort. Pair it with good soil prep for best results.

Master this weed puller for maximum results in your yard:

• Water the area lightly if soil is hard to help claws penetrate.
• Center claws around the weed stem, avoiding nearby plants.
• Step firmly on the foot bar, then rock the handle back smoothly.
• Pull straight up; wiggle gently for deep roots.
• Tap claws on ground to clear debris after each use.

Practice on dandelions first, works best in lawns and loose garden beds.

Keep your weed puller ready for every season:

• Wipe claws and handle clean after use, especially in wet conditions.
• Grease screw threads to prevent rust on connections.
• Disassemble into four sections for compact shed storage or trunk portability.
• Store indoors during winter to protect the coating.
• Inspect for bends annually; steel build ensures longevity.

Simple care means years of reliable weeding without replacement hassles.

Targets these common troublemakers best:

• Dandelions and crabgrass: Pulls roots fully to stop regrowth.
• Thistles and plantain: Grips slippery stems securely.
• Avoids woody shrubs or very mature taproots.

For larger yards, use for spot control alongside mulching. Combine with aerating clay soil for easier pulls next season.

The Fiskars 4-Claw Stand-Up Weed Puller is a game-changer for gardeners tired of stooping to yank weeds from lawns and beds. At 39 inches tall, this manual weeder lets you stay upright while targeting dandelions, thistles, and other invasives right by the root. It's perfect for U.S. homeowners with small to medium yards who want chemical-free control without the physical toll.

Key Features and Real-World Performance

In the garden, the four serrated stainless steel claws grip weeds tightly when you step on the reinforced foot platform. The offset handle and viewing window make placement easy, even in thick grass, pulling roots clean for no regrowth. Users love how the easy-eject button flings weeds away, keeping your workflow smooth during spring cleanups or summer touch-ups.

Build Quality and Durability

Built with a lightweight aluminum shaft and tough steel claws, this tool handles heavy use in varied soils. The foot platform is 30% stronger for confident steps, and Fiskars' lifetime warranty backs its reliability through years of backyard battles.

Limitations and Practical Tips

It's not ideal for super compacted clay or massive weed patches, where power tools might edge it out. For best results, use in moist soil and avoid over-dry ground. Pair it with mulching for long-term weed prevention.

Final Verdict

If back pain from weeding plagues your routine, this Fiskars puller earns top marks. Grab one to make lawn and garden maintenance easier and more enjoyable.

Master this stand-up weeder with these simple steps for effective, root-deep removal in your yard:

1. Position the claws over the weed using the viewing window for precision.
2. Step firmly on the foot platform to drive claws into the soil around the root.
3. Rock the handle back gently to loosen, then lift straight up.
4. Activate the easy-eject mechanism to toss the weed aside.
5. Repeat for clusters, working in moist soil for easiest pulls.

Pro Tip: Best for taproot weeds like dandelions; avoid broadleaf grasses that slip easily.

Cleaning After Use

• Rinse claws and shaft with a hose to remove soil and debris.
• Brush off stubborn dirt; avoid harsh chemicals to protect steel.

Storage Tips

• Hang by the handle in a dry shed or garage to prevent rust.
• Store claws covered if near moisture.

Longevity Advice

Inspect claws periodically for wear; Fiskars tools sharpen easily with a file. Oil joints lightly for smooth ejection. With basic care, it'll last seasons of reliable weeding.

This Fiskars model shines for stand-up comfort over short-handled diggers that strain your back.

• Vs. Twist-style pullers: Deeper root grip without twisting motion.
• Vs. Handheld weeders: No kneeling, ideal for larger lawns.
• Vs. Chemical sprays: Eco-friendly, permanent removal without residues.

Choose it if ergonomics matter most; opt for fishtail designs for smaller, precise jobs.

As a fellow gardener who's spent too many hours bent over pulling weeds, I love the RexWeed Stand Up Weed Puller for transforming yard maintenance. This manual weeder tool features a 4-claw steel head on an adjustable 46-inch handle, making it ideal for homeowners, seniors, or anyone with back or knee issues who wants chemical-free weed removal in lawns, garden beds, or driveways.

In real-world use, position the claws over the weed, step down to grip, and tilt to pull. It excels at deep-rooted invaders like dandelions, thistles, and crabgrass, yanking them out whole to prevent comebacks. Users note it shines on slightly damp soil, speeding up spring cleanups without the ache of kneeling.

Build quality stands out with reinforced steel pipes and a powder-coated head that resists bending in tough, rocky ground. At just over 3 pounds, it's lightweight yet durable for repeated outdoor sessions, and the ergonomic design fits various heights seamlessly.

Limitations include needing to clean claws after clay soil use and a quick learning curve for perfect alignment. Still, for everyday gardening, it outperforms hand-pulling hands down.

Final verdict: Grab this if you dread weeding. It's a game-changer for pain-free, effective control that keeps your outdoor spaces thriving.

Mastering the RexWeed Weed Puller makes yard work quick and satisfying. Follow these steps for best results:

• Water the area lightly or wait for damp soil to loosen roots.
• Center the weed between the 4 claws, stepping firmly to penetrate soil.
• Tilt the handle back smoothly to extract the entire plant, roots included.
• Shake off dirt and repeat along lawn edges or beds.

Tip: Use early morning or after rain for easiest pulls. Avoid very dry, hard-packed ground by pre-moistening.

Keep your stand up weed puller in top shape for seasons of use:

• Clean claws after each session, especially in clay or gravel, with a brush or hose.
• Wipe down steel parts and store dry to prevent rust.
• Check screws periodically and tighten as needed for stability.
• Compact design stores easily in sheds or garages; disassemble sections if space is tight.

With basic care, this durable tool handles year-round weeding without issues.

This puller targets broadleaf weeds perfectly:

• Dandelions and thistles: Grips taproots for full removal.
• Crabgrass: Extracts clumps from lawns easily.
• Other uses: Great for driveways, gravel paths, and flower beds.

Not suited for tiny grass weeds or sod; pair with mowing for complete lawn care.

The Fiskars Ergo Weeder is a compact, heavy-duty hand tool crafted for gardeners who want to tackle invasive weeds without bending over or straining their wrists. With its angled aluminum head and contoured SoftGrip handle, it's perfect for U.S. homeowners with backyards, flower beds, or vegetable patches where dandelions, thistles, and other deep-rooted pests pop up regularly. Whether you're a beginner keeping a tidy lawn or an experienced gardener maintaining pristine borders, this weeder makes quick work of tough jobs.

Key Features and Real-World Performance

In practice, the polished aluminum head slices through turf and grips roots firmly, giving you the leverage to pull out entire weeds in one go. This means fewer callbacks from regrowth, saving time on your weekend yard work. The ergonomic handle fits naturally in your hand, reducing fatigue so you can weed longer without aches, especially useful in raised beds or along pathways.

Build Quality and Outdoor Durability

Fiskars builds this weeder to last, with rust-resistant materials that hold up against rain, soil, and heavy use. At 12.5 inches long and super lightweight, it feels like a natural extension of your arm, outperforming flimsy plastic tools that bend or break.

Limitations

• Not ideal for massive weed patches; pair it with a hoe for bigger areas.
• May need extra force in super-compacted clay soil.

Final Verdict: A must-have for any gardener's toolkit. Grab the Fiskars Ergo Weeder if you want effortless, effective weeding that keeps your outdoor space thriving.

Master weeding with the Fiskars Ergo Weeder to keep your lawn and beds weed-free. Focus on early intervention for best results.

Step-by-Step Tips

1. Timing: Weed after rain when soil is soft for easier root extraction.
2. Angle It Right: Insert the head at a 45-degree angle beside the weed base, then rock and pull for full removal.
3. Target Deep Roots: Ideal for taproots like dandelions; twist gently to loosen before lifting.
4. Prevent Spread: Bag weeds immediately to stop seed dispersal in your backyard.

Regular use encourages stronger plants and lush growth in your garden.

Keep your Fiskars Ergo Weeder performing like new with simple maintenance routines suited to outdoor gardening.

• Cleaning: Rinse off soil and debris after each use; dry thoroughly to prevent rust.
• Sharpening: Use a file on the head edges if it dulls from rocky soil.
• Storage: Hang via the built-in hole in a dry shed; avoid ground contact.
• Seasonal Check: Inspect handle grips yearly for wear and replace if needed.

These steps ensure longevity, making it a reliable part of your lawn care essentials.

Fiskars Ergo Weeder vs. Competitors

• Vs. Basic Steel Weeders: Superior ergonomics reduce strain; aluminum head outlasts cheap steel in rust-prone areas.
• Vs. Long-Handle Stand-Up Tools: More precise for small gardens but less back-friendly for large lawns.
• Vs. Plastic-Handled Options: Heavier duty build prevents breakage; SoftGrip beats slippery grips.

Stands out for backyard gardeners prioritizing comfort and durability over bulk.

The BellaJoyz Stand-Up Weed Puller is a game-changer for anyone tired of kneeling or bending to yank weeds from lawns, gardens, or patios. At 46 inches tall, this manual weeder lets you stay upright, making it a top pick for seniors, backyard enthusiasts with back issues, and busy homeowners who want efficient weed control without strain.

In real-world use, the 4-claw stainless steel head drives into soil with a foot pedal, then tilts to extract the entire root system. Gardeners rave about its performance on dandelions, crabgrass, and other invasives, noting fewer comebacks compared to hand-pulling. It shines in flower beds, vegetable patches, and lawn edges where precision matters.

Build quality stands out with rust-resistant steel claws and a sturdy bamboo handle that holds up outdoors season after season. It disassembles into three parts for compact storage, fitting even tight spaces. While durable, it has a slight learning curve for ideal positioning and feels hefty at nearly 3 pounds.

Limitations include less effectiveness in very hard-packed soil without loosening first, but for everyday weeding, it delivers reliable results. If you dread traditional weeding, this tool earns a strong recommendation for pain-free, productive yard maintenance.

Position the 4-claw head over the weed base, step firmly on the pedal to drive claws into soil around the roots, then tilt the handle back to pop it out. Empty the weed by tapping or shaking over a bucket.

• Works best on moist soil after rain or watering.
• Target weeds under 12 inches tall for easiest removal.
• Practice on a few dandelions to master the angle.
• Use in lawns, paths, or beds; avoid near delicate perennials.

Combine with mulching to reduce future weeds and keep your garden thriving.

Clean the steel claws after each use by rinsing dirt and tapping out roots to prevent buildup. Wipe the bamboo handle dry to maintain its finish.

• Disassemble into three sections for storage via built-in hanging holes.
• Store in a dry shed or garage to avoid rust.
• No sharpening needed; inspect claws annually for wear.
• Lifetime warranty covers defects for peace of mind.

Proper care ensures years of reliable stand-up weeding performance.

This puller excels at taproot weeds like dandelions, crabgrass, and thistles common in U.S. lawns and gardens.

• Lawns: Clears edges without turf damage.
• Flower beds: Protects plants while removing intruders.
• Vegetable gardens: Safe, chemical-free for edibles.
• Gravel paths: Uproots without digging up stones.

Ideal for small to medium yards; pair with a cultivator for larger areas.

This Grenebo stand up weed puller is a game-changer for anyone tired of kneeling in the garden or lawn to battle weeds. With its long handle and foot pedal design, it lets you uproot dandelions, crabgrass, thistles, and more while staying upright, perfect for backyard gardeners, lawn owners, or those with back and knee issues who want chemical-free weed control.

In real-world use, position the claws over the weed, step on the pedal to drive them into the soil, then tilt the handle for leverage. The widened stainless steel prongs grab roots firmly for complete removal, and the eject mechanism pops the weed out cleanly. Users rave about how it handles prickly plants without hand contact, turning a chore into a quick stroll through the yard.

Build quality shines with heavy-duty stainless steel claws that stay sharp and a thickened aluminum shaft that resists rust and bending. The reinforced footplate provides stability, making it reliable for soft to compacted soils in front yards or vegetable patches. Assembly is a snap with included tools, and it weighs just over 4 pounds for easy maneuvering.

Limitations include a learning curve—watch technique videos for best results—and it shines most after watering the soil. Very hard or rocky areas may need loosening first, and it leaves holes to fill for a tidy lawn.

Overall, this is a trustworthy addition to your gardening kit for healthier outdoor spaces. Grab one if you want effortless, back-friendly weeding that keeps your lawn thriving season after season.

Master this weed puller for maximum efficiency in your garden or lawn:

• Water soil a day before for soft ground; avoid dry, hard dirt.
• Center claws over weed base, step firmly on pedal to penetrate.
• Tilt handle toward you using body leverage, not arm strength.
• Press handle forward to eject into a bucket—keeps things tidy.
• Practice on dandelions first; technique clicks after a few tries.

Pro tip: Fill holes with topsoil right away to prevent new weeds and keep your yard smooth.

Pair this tool with smart habits for weed-free outdoor living:

• Weed weekly in spring to stop spread before seeds form.
• Mow high at 3 inches to shade out crabgrass and promote thick turf.
• Overseed bare spots to crowd out invaders naturally.
• Compost ejected weeds away from garden to avoid regrowth.
• Combine with mulch in beds for fewer pulls next season.

Regular use prevents deep roots, saving time on bigger lawn care jobs.

Keep your weed puller ready for every season:

• Rinse claws after use to remove soil; dry to prevent rust.
• Store hanging by the top loop in a shed or garage.
• Check screws periodically and tighten as needed.
• Sharpen claws lightly if they dull over years of hard use.
• Winterize by wiping down shaft; it's built tough for all weather.

Simple care ensures it lasts through countless backyard weeding sessions.

The Breeze Touch 39-inch Weed Pulling Tool is a manual stand-up weeder designed for homeowners who want to keep lawns and gardens weed-free without the strain of bending over. With its long handle and 3-claw steel head, it's perfect for beginner and experienced gardeners dealing with dandelions, crabgrass, and similar invaders in backyards across the U.S.

In real-world garden use, the claws dig deep into soil to grab roots firmly, pulling them out whole to stop regrowth. The auto-rebound ejector is a game-changer, automatically releasing weeds so you can keep moving through your lawn or raised beds efficiently. Users rave about how it handles thistles, chickweed, and violets in various soil types, making routine maintenance quicker and less painful.

Build quality shines with high-strength metal claws paired with reinforced plastic for a lightweight 2.46-pound tool that feels solid outdoors. It's durable for regular use but shows wear like rust on prongs if not stored dry. Assembly is straightforward following the manual, though a screwdriver speeds up securing the handle.

Limitations include less effectiveness on very large or woody weeds, where it may not grip well. For big infestations, pair it with other tools. Overall, this weed puller earns its spot in your shed for practical, back-friendly weeding; grab one if you battle lawn weeds seasonally.

Position the 3-claw head over the weed center, step on the foot bar to drive claws into soil around the root, then rock and lift straight up for clean extraction. Activate the ejector by pressing the lever to release the weed away from your garden bed.

• Works best in moist soil; water your lawn lightly beforehand for easier pulls.
• Avoid rocky or very hard-packed ground to prevent claw damage.
• Clean after each use: hose off dirt and dry thoroughly to avoid rust.

Store upright in a shed or garage during winter. Check screws periodically and tighten as needed for long-term reliability in your backyard routine.

Target weeds early in spring when roots are shallow for best results with this stand-up puller. Focus on dandelions, crabgrass, and broadleaf invaders before they spread seeds across your yard.

• Weed after rain or watering for looser soil and fuller root removal.
• Combine with mulching around garden beds to suppress future growth.
• In lawns, fill holes left by pulled weeds with topsoil and reseed for a smooth finish.
• For crabgrass patches, pull consistently to weaken and eliminate over time.

Regular use keeps your outdoor space thriving, reducing chemical needs for healthier plants and pollinators.

This Breeze Touch model stands out with its auto-ejector versus manual-reset competitors, saving time in yard work. The 39-inch handle offers better ergonomics than shorter tools for taller gardeners.

• Vs. fishtail weeders: Better for broad weeds like dandelions; fishtail suits narrow taproots only.
• Vs. twist-style pullers: Less soil disturbance and no twisting strain on wrists.
• Vs. heavy-duty 4-claw: Lighter weight but similar root grip for everyday lawn use.

Choose this for lightweight, back-friendly performance over bulkier options if your garden weeds are typical lawn varieties.

This NICOFPHY Weed Puller Tool is a game-changer for anyone tired of kneeling to battle weeds in their lawn, garden, or patio. With its 60-inch adjustable handle and 2-in-1 cast steel head, it suits beginner and experienced gardeners alike, especially those with larger yards or back sensitivity who want efficient, root-deep weeding without the hassle.

Key Features and Real-World Performance

The standout feature is the dual-head design: one side has 6 sharp 3-inch tines that drive into soil to yank out tough weeds like thistles, dandelions, and crabgrass by the roots, stopping regrowth. Flip it for the broad, sharp hoe edge that slices through surface weeds, loosens soil for planting, or levels small patches. Users rave about clearing overgrown yards in minutes while standing upright, making it ideal for everyday lawn and garden maintenance.

Build Quality and Durability

• Cast steel head is welded smoothly for strength, rust resistance, and easy rinsing after use.
• Stainless steel poles connect via screw locks for a wobble-free 60-inch reach, adjustable down to 16 inches.
• Lightweight at under 2 pounds yet tough enough for farm or backyard abuse.

It holds up well outdoors, though heavy daily use might wear plastic handle caps.

Limitations and Final Verdict

Not perfect for super-slippery weeds or massive infestations, as some roots may linger or tines skip slender stems. Still, for most home gardeners, this long handle weed puller delivers big on ease and effectiveness. Grab one if you want a reliable manual weeder that boosts your outdoor time without the pain; highly recommended for thriving lawns and gardens.

Master Common Garden Weeds

Use this tool to target problem invaders in your yard:

• Dandelions and thistles: Position tines over the center, rock and pull straight up for full root removal.
• Crabgrass: Prongs grab clumps easily; twist gently to loosen before lifting.
• Surface weeds like chickweed: Rake with tines or chop with hoe edge for quick clearing.

Pro Tips for Best Results

Weed after rain when soil is soft. Start with full 60-inch height for lawns, shorten for garden beds. Combine with mulch to keep areas weed-free longer.

Keep It Sharp and Ready

• Rinse head and poles after each use to prevent rust; air dry fully.
• Sharpen tines and hoe edge with a file if they dull over time.
• Tighten screw locks periodically; secure loose handle caps with adhesive if needed.
• Store upright in a shed or garage, away from moisture.

With basic care, this manual weeder lasts years through New York seasons. Avoid dropping on hard surfaces to preserve welds.

Ideal Gardener Types

• Homeowners with medium lawns or patios fighting persistent weeds.
• Gardeners with knee/back pain seeking stand-up tools.
• Vegetable or flower bed owners needing precise root removal without chemicals.

Skip if you have vast fields needing powered equipment; perfect for targeted backyard weeding.